Anatomy and Physiology Of the Chicken In Short and graphic way.......
“Successful poultry production depends upon knowing your birds both outside and inside.
Form and function are interrelated and is the basis for understanding the anatomy and physiology of your bird”
Anatomy is the study of the structure and form of the various parts of an organism and its location relative to other parts.
Physiology is the study of the function of the various organs and parts of an organism or it is the study of normal function of the living body.
“There
are several organ systems, which working together to make the animal function”
1
Nervous system 7 Reproductive
2
Skeletal system 8 Exocrine
3
Muscular 9 Cardiovascular
4
Integument
10 Respiratory
5
Digestive
11 Excretory
6
Urinary 12 Lymphatic
/Immune
The basic structural and functional unit of the animal body is the "" CELL".
•
Many Types •
Specific Jobs
•
DNA •
Replicate
•
Make Products
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Ø No nucleus Ø Nucleated, multiple
Ø No membrane bound Ø Chromosomes
Ø Organelles Ø Multiple organelles
Ø Circular DNA Ø DNA in nucleus
Ø Mostly Unicellular Ø Uni and multi-cellular
Ø Example – Bacteria Ø Examples Ø Unicellular - Yeast,algae,
Ø protozoan Multicellular - plants,
Structure of Eukaryotes cell
Ø Nucleus Ø Nucleolus Ø RibosomesØ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ø Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Ø Golgi Apparatus Ø Lysosomes
Ø Nucleus Ø Peroxisomes Ø Mitochondria Ø Cytoskeleton
Ø Nucleus Ø Peroxisomes Ø Mitochondria Ø Cytoskeleton
Ø Cytoplasm Ø Vacoules Ø Cell Membrane Ø Extracellular Matrix
 |
| Cell Nucleus and Ribosomr |
 |
| Centriole and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
 |
| Golgi Apparatus and Mitocondrail structure |
 |
| Lysosomes and Cyto-Skeleton Strructure |
Main objective
“optimize environment for each cell to do its job.”
NEEDS OF CELLS
Ø Proteins (amino acids)
Ø Fats (lipids & fatty acids
Ø Carbohydrates
Ø Vitamins
Ø Minerals
Ø Water
Ø Oxygen
Ø Temperature
Ø PH
Ø Light
Ø Pressure
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Ø Parts: Skeletal (Striated)
Ø Visceral (Smooth)
Ø Cardiac
Ø Function: Support
Ø Movement
Ø Fight Gravity
Ø Ligaments -Connections between bones.
Ø Tendons - Connections between muscles and bones
Ø Origin -Muscular attachment to stationary bone
Ø Insertion - Muscle attachment to movable bone.
Muscles
“Muscle cell produce mechanical for their contraction.”
In vertebrates there are three main types of muscles.
Skeleton Muscles: This moves joints by its strong and rapid contraction.
Each muscle is the bundle of muscle fiber, each of in which is an enormous multi nucleated cell.
Smooth Muscles: Present in digestive tract, bladder, arteries and veins. It is composed of thin elongated cells ( not straight), each of which has one nucleus.
Cardiac Muscles: intermediate in character between skeleton and smooth muscles. It produces the heart bear. Adjacent cells are linked by electrically conducting junctions that causes the cells to contract in synchrony.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Parts: Axial and Limbs
Function: Structure , Support, Minerals
Specialized Bones: Fused Bones Medullary and neumatic
The study of:
Ø Bones - Osteology
Ø Cartilage - Chondrology
Ø Ligaments (and Joints) Arthrology
Ø Teeth - Odontology
1. Axial Skeleton
Skull - cranial 7, facial 11
Vertebral Column -Cervical 13
Thoracic 7 (2-5 fused)
Lumbar and Sacral 14 (fused)
Coccygeal – 6
Ribs - 7 pairs
Sternum- keel, breast bone
2. Skeleton of the Limbs
Rest of bones, modified in conformity with peculiar
physiological requirements for locomotion.
Wings - thoracic limb
Ø Shoulder Girdle Ø ScapulaØ Coracoi Ø Clavicle
The coracoid bone is unique to birds and provides the muscular
anchor for the downbeat of the wings.
Unlike mammals, birds have bone processes between their ribs which spring the keel or breastbone outwards expanding the chest and inspiring air.
Free part of limb - Arm
Ø Humerus Ø Forearm Ø Radius and Ulna Ø Manus Ø Carpus
Ø MetacarpuØ Digits
Skeleton of the leg.
*Firm and extensive fixation of hip bone to vertebral column
*absence of ventral union between two hip bones
*absence of independent tarsus
Ø Pelvic Girdle (hip bone)
Ø Ilium Ø Ischium Ø Pubus
Free part of the limb:
Ø Thigh Ø Femur Ø Leg (tibia and fibula)
Ø Pes Ø Tarsus Ø Metatarsus Ø Digits
Specialized Bones of Chickens
Medullary Bone : Specialized bone for the storage and release of Ca++ utilized by hen for egg shell production. It is about 12% of bone.
Other bones are
Tibia, Femur, Pubic, Sternum, Ribs Ulna, Toes, Scapula.
Pneumatic Bones
Specialized bones that are hollow and connected to the
respiratory system through the air sacs. eg
Ø Skull
Ø Humerus
Ø lavical
Ø Keel
Ø Lumbar
Ø Sacral vertebra.
Bird skeleton wing bone
INTEGUMENT
Parts: Skin, feathers, beak, claws
s cales, comb, wattles, earlobes,
s purs.
Function: Protection, shape, flight,
t thermo regulation, recognition.
Skin is thin and contains no glands, except for the uropygial or oil gland.
Feathers found in tracts or longitudinal rows called pterylae.
Function: protection, insulation, flight and 4 - 9% of BW
CARDIOVASCULAR
Parts:
Ø Heart
Ø Lungs
Ø blood vessels
Function:
Ø deliver O2 and nutrients to cells
Ø remove CO2 and other waste materials from cells.
Ø Function in thermo regulation and water management.
RESPIRATORY
Parts:
Ø Nares Ø Mouth Ø Trachea Ø Syrnix Ø Parabronchi
Ø Bronchi Ø Lungs Ø 9 air sacs.
Function: Oxygenate the blood and remove other gaseous products from the blood.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Parts:
Ø Mout Ø Tongue Ø Esophagus Ø Crop Ø Proventriculus
Ø Gizzard Ø Small intestine Ø large intestine Ø Ceca
Ø liver, Ø Gall bladder Ø Pancreas
Function:
Break down ingested food into small particles for absorption into blood for distribution to all cells.
Proventriculus:
Release of Gastric Secretions from Chief Cells
1. Pepsin
2. Hydrochloric Acid
3. Mucus (from mucus membrane
Gizzard:
Two pairs of opposing muscles, the thin and thick muscle pairs, mostly circular smooth muscle protected by koilin.
Grinds the feed
Small Intestine:
Villi and microvilli – absorb nutrients
Ceca: fiber digestion
Large Intestine (Rectum):
water absorbtion and storage
URINARY/ EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Parts:
Ø Liver, Ø Kidney Ø Ureters
Ø Large intestine Ø Cloaca, and vent.
Function:
Rid body of waste materials like water, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, sugars, and indigestible material.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Parts: Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)
Function: Somatic and Autonomic
Sense , relay, react, interact and
maintain homeostasis.
Examples: Eyes, ears, smell, taste
sense heat, cold, pain, pressure etc.
Eye of Chicken
Mammals have one area of high visual acuity on the back of the eye known as the fovea, but birds mayhave two foveas which are used in different situations.
One fovea may be used when a bird is perched, and others may be used during flight, under water or for near vision when feeding on the ground.
The avian eye is also very large and consequently requires a
modification to keep it inflated. Birds have scleral ossicles which are small bones that maintain the shape of the large eye.
The Avian Ear and Hearing
TASTE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Parts:
Pituitary-hypothalamus, gonads, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid ultimo-branchial, gut cells, pineal ,thymus, liver, kidney
Function:
EXOCRINE SYSTEM
Parts:
kidneys, liver, pancreas, gut, tear ducts, salivary glands
Function: produce fluids, enzymes and other regulatory proteins to protect and control cell and system function.
LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM
Parts:
Ø lymph nodes Ø Pyers patches and Cecal Tonsil Ø Spleen
Ø Harderian gland
Function:
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Parts:
MALE internal testis, ductus
FEMALE ovary, infundibulum magnum, isthmus, uterus,
vagina cloaca.
Function:
produce offspring.
Get as many fertile eggs as possible to hatch and sruvive.
Related Topic
Care of hatching egg
FEMALE ovary, infundibulum magnum, isthmus, uterus,
vagina cloaca.
Function:
produce offspring.
Get as many fertile eggs as possible to hatch and sruvive.
Care of hatching egg
1 comment:
good information that helps and save lots of time
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